سلام – امروز می خواهم جزییاتی از خط تلگراف بوشهر (ابوشهر یا Bushire) برایتان بنویسم. (متن آپدیت شده است).
یک تاپیک بسیار کامل و تحلیلی در مورد این خط تلگراف در تایپک زیر گذاشته ام. واقعا جالب است حتما مطالعه کنید.
سورس:
Cooke & Wheatstone’s two-needle telegraph 1842
«The Electric Telegraph»
Drawn and engraved by John Emslie, 10 Gray’s Inn Terrace, London, and
Published by John Reynolds, 174 Strand, London, April 16, 1851
«The Electric Telegraph»
Drawn and engraved by John Emslie, 10 Gray’s Inn Terrace, London, and
Published by John Reynolds, 174 Strand, London, April 16, 1851
آقای Steven Roberts
یک داکیومنت بسیار کامل در مورد این خط تلگراف ارائه کرده است. ایشان
متولد 1950 بودند اما متاسفانه در سال 2012 فوت شدند. عکس زیر ایشان را در
سال 2008 نشان می دهد:
بنده داکیومنت ایشان را برای شما قرار می دهم: (روی متن زیر کلیک کنید)
you can download the «distant writing By Steven Roberts» from the below link
Distant Writing 2012
Short sample of twin-core
shore end used at Bushire (Bushehr) in the laying of the Persian Gulf
Cable, made by W T Henley’s Telegraph Works Company Limited, North
Woolwich, London, England, 1863:
-
Details Category: Telecommunications Object Number: 1986-740/2 Materials: copper (alloy), gutta-percha, metal (unknown) type: cable taxonomy: credit: W.T. Henley’s Telegraph Works Co. Ltd.
نقشه خط تلگراف عبوری از بوشهر (ابوشهر یا
Bushire): می بینید که دو خط تلگراف از بوشهر رد می شده است – کلا 40 درصد
از ترافیک تلگراف خلیج فارس از بوشهر بوده است.
سورس:
History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications
from the first submarine cable of 1850 to the worldwide fiber optic network
from the first submarine cable of 1850 to the worldwide fiber optic network
The Indo-European Telegraph Company
– was founded in 1868, just as the Government was legislating to
appropriate the domestic telegraph companies. It was almost certainly
intended to be a successor-enterprise for the proprietors and management
of the Electric & International Telegraph Company. The Chairman of the “Indo” was Robert Grimston; the Secretary and Manager was Henry Weaver,
who had identical positions at the Electric. Its head office was at 16
Telegraph Street, the General Offices of the Electric company. Julius
Reuter also had a substantial interest.
The Indo-European Telegraph
Company was incorporated under the Companies Act 1862, as a simple
joint-stock limited-liability company with a share capital of £450,000
in seventeen thousand shares each of £25 to construct an overland
telegraph to India by special lines, in connection with the Government of India cables,
through the Persian Gulf. An annual income of £85,000 was expected from
200 messages a day, which would provide a yearly dividend of 20%.
This capital compares with the £2,500,000 raised by the domestic telegraph companies, the £1,200,000 of the British-Indian Submarine Telegraph Company and the £250,000 of the Anglo-American Telegraph Company.
The Indo-European Telegraph
Company was registered and projected on April 8, 1868 to complete a line
from London to Calcutta in competition with a planned all-submarine
route. The circuit extended from Lowestoft to Emden
in Prussia, then to Berlin to Thorn on the Vistula river in West
Prussia, into Russia to reach Warsaw, Zhitomir, Odessa, Kertch, Suchum,
Tiflis, Erevan, then to Djulfa in Persia through Tabreez to Teheran,
then to Bushire on the Gulf, underwater to Karachi, through India to
Calcutta on the Gulf of Bengal. Of the capital of £450,000, 80% was
taken up in Britain and 20% by the Siemens companies in London and
Berlin. Siemens financed their shareholding through the Rothschild,
Schaafhausen and Mevissen banks.
|
Indo-European Telegraph Station, Bushire Image courtesy of Bill Glover |
The Siemens family were the
power behind the Indo-European: they involved their three manufacturing
companies, in Berlin, St Petersburg and London. They had used their
close relationships with the director of the Royal Prussian Telegraphs,
Colonel of Engineers Georg von Chauvin, and the head of the Russian
telegraph administration, General of Engineers Karl Karlovich von Lüders
to facilitate the concessions in those countries for the line in 1867.
In addition the concessions for circuits through the dangerous
territories in the Caucasus were negotiated by members of the Siemens
family. Werner, Walter, Otto, Karl and William all visited Georgia in
connection with the telegraph lines in the Caucasus from Tiflis to
Kutaissi, Poti and Djulfa, and the separate wire from Tiflis to Baku.
Siemens were to be paid £400,000 for the construction of the Indo line
and £34,000 a year subsequently to maintain its length.
|
Map of the Indo-European line
|
The Russian Vice-Royalty of the
Caucasus was on the margins of the Empire; it had been nominally
subdued in a vicious war in the 1830s but was in a constant state of
tribal unrest. Lüders had managed the creation of a basic military
telegraph from Moscow to Tiflis in Georgia and Erevan in Armenia.
Although this had been relatively inexpensive to construct, just a
single wire on wooden posts, it was expensive in money and lives to
maintain. Lüders was convinced that this militarily-essential telegraph
could be made more efficient by having the English mercantile interests
in London and India pay for a replacement, effectively subsidising
Russian communications. The risks of wires through the Caucasus were
such that Siemens proposed an in-shore underwater cable between Kertch
and Suchum rather than land-lines in the interior. The gangs erecting
the line in the Caucasus and in Persia were given an armed escort of
cavalry.
Although Walter Siemens was
initially unsuccessful in Teheran after several months of talks, Georg
Siemens eventually convinced the Persian government to accept 12,000
Tomans per annum on January 11, 1868 as the price of the wayleave.
The commitment of the Siemens
family to the Indo was total; Walter Siemens, on his way home from
Persia in 1868, and Otto Siemens, supervising the construction works in
1871, both died of illness in the South Caucasus and are buried at
Tiflis in Georgia.
The line from London to
Calcutta was to be 6,900 miles in length. Of the 3,725 mile circuit
between Emden and Teheran the Company were required to build 2,900 miles
as new, consisting of two 6mm gauge iron wires suspended from Siemens’
patent iron-capped earthenware insulators on 70,000 posts, having wood
shafts in Poland and Russia and Siemens’ patent cast-iron shafts in the
Caucasus and in Persia. A 100 mile submarine cable
was laid in the Black Sea between Djulfa and Suchum, with a further 15
mile cable for the Straits of Kertch. The bulk of the materials were
provided from Britain by Siemens Brothers, including the armour for the Black Sea cable; Hooper’s Telegraph Works Company provided the india-rubber insulation.
Straits of Kertch Cable
Submerged 1869 Recovered 1889 Siemens Bros Co London |
Images courtesy of Angelika Sommer
|
The Black Sea cable was almost
immediately broken by an earthquake on July 1, 1870, and had to be
replaced by a coastal land line during 1871.
The Indo directly owned only
the circuit between Emden and Teheran, it leased circuits from the
Electric in England, from Reuter in the Norderney cable from Lowestoft
to Hanover, Persian overhead lines south of Teheran, the 1,400 mile long
British-Indian cable from Bushire to Kurrachee, and across India to
Calcutta. As part of its concessions the Indo provided an extra third
circuit in its Black Sea cable, as well as through the Caucasus and on
its Persian overhead lines for Russian and Persian domestic traffic.
Between Julpa and Teheran.
Division superintendent and engineer of the Indo-European Telegraph Company with inspection and repair corps going over the lines. |
Of the new construction, the
isolated Persian sector between Djulfa on the Russian border and
Teheran, 480 miles, was opened by the Indo on August 1868, connecting to
Erevan and Tiflis.
The circuit was completed after two years construction throughout to Calcutta on April 12, 1870.
The Company, after examining
the Hughes type-printer, adopted Siemens’ adaptation of Wheatstone’s
automatic telegraph for its circuits. Siemens also introduced a rotary
magneto sender that transmitted from punched tape without batteries of
cells. The Indo-European line relied upon Varley’s translator or relay
that enabled very-long-distance, uninterrupted transmission. Dependent
on conditions either three or five translators were used in the line
between London and Teheran. It used English language and English
operators throughout.
A twenty word message from
London to Calcutta was estimated as costing £3 10s, this was to be split
between the Electric Telegraph Company and Reuters Telegram Company 3s
3d, Prussia 1s 9d, Russia 3s 6d, Persia 8s 0d, the British India cable
between Bushire to Kurrachee 16s 3d and for the Indian telegraphs 8s 8d,
totalling £2 5s; the balance going to the Indo-European Telegraph
Company. The agreement for these rates was negotiated with the
recalcitrant Prussian and Russian members of the International Telegraph
Conference by William Siemens personally.
Indo-Europea Telegraph Company Limited Tariff Book
|
In 1870 messages could be sent
from any office of the Electric & International Telegraph Company or
from the offices of the Company to Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and all
places west of Chittagong. Messages reached Teheran by automatic relay
in just one minute; Calcutta was reached in twenty-eight minutes.
A new four-conductor cable was laid across the Straits of Kertch in 1884.
The Department – The
Indo-European Telegraph Company is often, and unsurprisingly, confused,
with the Indo-European Telegraph Department of the British-Indian
Government. The Department worked overland telegraphs in South Persia to
connect the lines of the Ottoman Turkish system and the British cables
to India. It was based on a convention between London and Teheran dated
February 6, 1863. A line was erected by Government engineers between
Khanaquin on the Persian-Ottoman border by way of Hamadan and Kermanshah
to the British-Indian cable head at Bushire on the Gulf coast. This was
opened for messages on March 1, 1865. As the Department’s line involved
several transcriptions the first message took 6 days, 8 hours and 44
minutes to travel from London to Calcutta.
A further convention in April
1868 allowed the Department to build an overhead line from Bushire along
the Persian coast to Gwadur in British India which was connected to
Kurrachee so as to avoid reliance on the underwater cables.
The alternative, riskier
submarine cable, sponsored by the Magnetic company’s interests, was to
be laid across the Bay of Biscay, into and along the Mediterranean Sea,
down the Red Sea and across the north Indian Ocean. This was completed
in 1871.
Apart from the obvious break in
operation between August 1914 and August 1923 it was in continual
operation until its concession in Persian was terminated in 1931, and
the wires abandoned. Siemens’ engineering was so substantial that its
iron posts each still with three iron-capped insulators were visible on
the Caucasian coast and in the Persian desert over a hundred years after
they were erected.
To
read Steve Roberts› story of the Indo-European Telegraph Company in
context with other British telegraph companies of the time, see his Distant Writing website.
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